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ESTIMATED CHANGE IN VOLUME, 1896-2021 (Beason et al., 2023):
PLEASE see important notes about this, below...
Glacier-specific Scaling Parameter, c:
0.017014
| Units |
1896 |
1913 |
1971 |
1994 |
2009 |
2015 |
2021 |
| Volume, mi3 |
0.0672 |
0.0448 |
0.0291 |
0.0298 |
0.0207 |
0.0218 |
0.0199 |
| Volume, km3 |
0.2802 |
0.1868 |
0.1211 |
0.1240 |
0.0863 |
0.0907 |
0.0828 |
Volume Change Between Periods
|
1913 |
1971 |
1994 |
2009 |
2015 |
2021 |
| 1896 | -0.022 mi3
(-0.093 km3) | -0.038 mi3
(-0.159 km3) | -0.037 mi3
(-0.156 km3) | -0.047 mi3
(-0.194 km3) | -0.045 mi3
(-0.190 km3) | -0.047 mi3
(-0.197 km3) |
|---|
| 1913 | -- | -0.016 mi3
(-0.066 km3) | -0.015 mi3
(-0.063 km3) | -0.024 mi3
(-0.101 km3) | -0.023 mi3
(-0.096 km3) | -0.025 mi3
(-0.104 km3) |
|---|
| 1971 | | -- | 0.001 mi3
(0.003 km3) | -0.008 mi3
(-0.035 km3) | -0.007 mi3
(-0.030 km3) | -0.009 mi3
(-0.038 km3) |
|---|
| 1994 | | | -- | -0.009 mi3
(-0.038 km3) | -0.008 mi3
(-0.033 km3) | -0.010 mi3
(-0.041 km3) |
|---|
| 2009 | | | | -- | 0.001 mi3
(0.004 km3) | -0.001 mi3
(-0.004 km3) |
|---|
| 2015 | | | | | -- | -0.002 mi3
(-0.008 km3) |
|---|
Percent Change Between Periods
|
1913 |
1971 |
1994 |
2009 |
2015 |
2021 |
| 1896 | -33.34% | -56.79% | -55.74% | -69.20% | -67.64% | -70.45% |
|---|
| 1913 | -- | -35.18% | -33.61% | -53.80% | -51.45% | -55.68% |
|---|
| 1971 | | -- | 2.42% | -28.72% | -25.11% | -31.63% |
|---|
| 1994 | | | -- | -30.41% | -26.87% | -33.24% |
|---|
| 2009 | | | | -- | 5.08% | -4.07% |
|---|
| 2015 | | | | | -- | -8.71% |
|---|
Important comments about the calculation of volume shown here
The calculation of glacial volume shown on this page is based on an analysis of two methods used at Mount Rainier in the past (Driedger and Kennard [1986]; and Nylen [2001]) as well as the most recent literature review for glacier area-volume scaling (Please review Beason et al. [2023] for an in-depth discussion about this issue). It should be noted that simply converting area to volume with an equation is extremely difficult and the values presented here have extremely large error margins (likely ± 35% or more). With that in mind, the values presented here should give you an estimate of the glacial volume and change in volume over time. Please use these data very carefully with those caveats.
The calcuation of the volume is as follows:
\[V_i = {(c_iA_i^{1.375}) + (c_nA_i^{1.36}) \over 2}\]
Where:
\(V_i\) = Average volume for the glacier in question (km3);
\(c_i\) = The glacier-specific scaling parameter (back-calculated from glacier area and volume in 1971 in Driedger and Kennard (1986); Method described in Beason et al. (2023). The value for the Russell Glacier is 0.017014 (this is also listed above the volume graph);
\(c_n\) = The back-calculated scaling parameter from Nylen (2001) of 0.0255; and
\(A_i\) = The measured volume of the glacier in question (km2).
This is essentially an average of the back-calculated Dreidger and Kennard (1986) and Nylen (2001) methods (D&K is in the first parenthesis; Nylen in the second). For example, for the Russell Glacier in 2021, you can find the following individual volumes:
Back-calculated Dreidger and Kennard (1986) Method: 0.0160 mi3 (0.0669 km3).
Back-calculated Nylen (2001) Method: 0.0237 mi3 (0.0987 km3).
Average of the two (above equation and values listed for 2021 here): 0.0199 mi3 (0.0828 km3).
Official volume estimate listed above, with error: 0.0199 ± 0.0070 mi3 (0.0828 ± 0.0290 km3).
As you can see, the D&K method tends to produce higher values and Nylen produces lower values; the average of these two methods probably estimates the glacial volume. Until further research is done in this area and we can develop a better method or equation to determine volumes, this is the method we are using to determine glacial volumes. For more information about this method, please read the methods section of Beason et al. (2023).
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